Mechanism of macrophage extracellular traps induced activation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis

Objective  To investigate the role of macrophage extracellular traps (METs) on fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) and related mechanisms.

Methods  A human acute monocytic leukemia cell (THP-1) line was used to induce macrophages in vitro, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon γ(IFN-γ) were used to induce METs; Sytox was used to mark the level of leaked DNA; Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to detect NE and MPO in METs. After purification of METs protein components, human FLSs cell lines were divided into control group, METs group, C29 group, IAXO-102 group and C29+IAXO-102 combined intervention group. Except for the control group, purified METs protein components were added to FLSs medium in the other groups. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 inhibitor C29 was added to the C29 group, TLR4 inhibitor IAXO-102 was added to the IAXO-102 group, and C29 and IAXO-102 were added to the C29+IAXO-102 combined intervention group. After 24 h, the viability, migration and invasion ability of FLSs cells were detected. The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3) and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) in the culture supernatant were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results  LPS induced METs ability was significantly stronger than IFN-γ (P < 0.05). METs protein significantly enhanced FLSs cell viability, synovial cell migration and invasion ability (P < 0.05); compared with the control group, IL-6, MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-13 in the supernatant of METs protein treatment group were significantly increased (P < 0.05). C29 or IAXO-102 alone or their combination could significantly reduce the viability, migration and invasion ability of synovial cells (P < 0.05); compared with METs group, the levels of IL-6, MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-13 in the combined intervention group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the inhibitory effect of IAXO-102 was significantly stronger than that of C29 (P < 0.05).

Conclusion  METs proteins as damage-related model molecules are mainly involved in RA pathogenesis by activating TLR4 to further activate FLSs.