Abstract: The factors affecting the long-term neurological development of preterm infants with brain injury include prenatal factors and postpartum factors. Prenatal factors include severe intrauterine distress, intrauterine infection, intrauterine growth restriction and so on. Postpartum factors include treatment and care during hospitalization, feeding style, infection, iron balance, sleep status, social factors, genetic factors and so forth. Therefore, adverse factors should be avoided as far as possible, and early intervention, long-term follow-up and parental involvement should be done so as to improve the prognosis of premature infants with brain injury. Besides, targeted interventions should be implemented to reduce long-term damage.