Research Progress of plant exosome-like nanovesicles in treatment of skeletal disorders

Plant exosome-like nanovesicles (PELNs) are extracellular nanoparticles (30 to 300 nm in diameter) secreted by plant cells, characterized by a unique lipid-protein-nucleic acid composition and functional attributes. These vesicles play pivotal roles in plant metabolism, immune defense, and the regulation of cellular physiological activities across species. This review systematically summarized recent research advances in PELNs, encompassing their biogenesis pathways, compositional analysis, extraction/isolation protocols, storage stability, identification methodologies, and applications in skeletal system disorders. Critical challenges and future research directions in this field also discussed, providing valuable references for subsequent investigations.