Abstract: Albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-PTX) is an important chemotherapeutic agent in the field of cancer treatment. However, its clinical application is accompanied by the occurrence of neuropathic pain. The mechanism by which nab-PTX induces neuropathic pain has not been fully elucidated. In recent years, studies have found that nab-PTX participates in neuroimmune responses by regulating microglia, astrocytes, the high mobility group box 1/toll-like receptor 4 (HMGB1/TLR4) signaling pathway and the Caveolin-1/toll-like receptor 4 (Caveolin-1/TLR4) signaling pathway, leading to neuropathic pain. This article reviewed the mechanisms underlying nab-PTX-induced neuropathic pain, with the aim of providing new insights for the diagnosis and treatment of chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain in patients.