Abstract: Childhood neurodevelopmental disorders represent a significant public health concern that has garnered considerable attention. In recent years, the impact of the gut microenvironment on childhood neurodevelopmental disorders has emerged as a research hotspot. This article reviewed the current research status regarding the relationship between the gut microenvironment and childhood neurodevelopmental disorders, encompassing the early connections between the gut microenvironment and the nervous system, the concept of the microbiome-gut-brain axis, the mechanisms of action of the gut microenvironment in childhood neurodevelopmental disorders, clinical diagnosis, and intervention strategies. Furthermore, it provided insights into future research directions, emphasizing the importance of deeply exploring mechanisms of action, developing precise intervention strategies, and strengthening multidisciplinary collaboration, with the aim of providing new ideas and evidence for the prevention and treatment of childhood neurodevelopmental disorders.