Abstract: Microglia are widely involved in various pathophysiological processes of the central nervous system, and their polarization characteristics are closely related to the inflammatory response and injury repair of neurons. Ras homologous gene family protein A (RhoA)/Rho-associated coiled-coil protein kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway plays an important role in regulating microglia polarization. At present, the related research on the treatment of neuronal damage by promoting microglial M2-type polarization has become one of the hot spots in the field of neuroscience, but the effect of RhoA/ROCK pathway on polarization is still unclear. This article reviewed the effect of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway on microglial polarization in order to provide new ideas for the study of molecular mechanism of brain protection and clinical treatment.