Abstract: Objective To explore the effect and related influencing factors of body composition measurement based on bioelectrical impedance analysis(BIA)in evaluating the nutritional status of patients with maintenance hemodialysis(MHD). Methods A total of 54 patients with MHD were selected as research objects. The nutritional status of MHD patients was evaluated by BIA, anthropometric indexes and laboratory indexes. The related influencing factors of skeletal muscle loss in MHD patients were analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis. Results The results of BIA showed that the incidence of skeletal muscle deficiency was 40.74%, and the detection rate was high. Pearson correlation analysis showed that skeletal muscle was significantly correlated with body mass index, high-density lipoprotein, transferrin, serum phosphorus, body cell volume, bone mineral content, basic metabolism, upper arm muscle circumference, upper arm circumference, body fat percentage, protein and inorganic salt(P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that serum phosphorus and protein were the influencing factors of skeletal muscle(P<0.05). Conclusion The incidence of malnutrition in MHD patients is high, and the problem of skeletal muscle reduction is prominent. Serum phosphorus and protein levels are the influencing factors of skeletal muscle content in MHD patients. It is necessary to strengthen the control of serum phosphorus level in patients with MHD in order to slow down the process of skeletal muscle atrophy. BIA technology combined with laboratory index detection is recommended for comprehensive evaluation and regular follow-up of nutritional status of MHD patients.